/* --------------------------------------------------------------- karantanwar.com — hand-rolled. No framework, no webfonts. Type and motion follow Apple HIG: SF via system stack, tight optical tracking on display sizes, spring-ish easing curves. --------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* ---- tokens --------------------------------------------------- */ :root { color-scheme: light dark; --bg: #ffffff; --bg-sub: #f5f5f7; --bg-card: #ffffff; --bg-glass: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.72); --fg: #1d1d1f; --fg-mid: #4b4b50; --fg-dim: #6e6e73; --line: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.10); --line-soft: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.055); --accent: #0066cc; --accent-sub: rgba(0, 102, 204, 0.09); --shadow-1: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04), 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); --shadow-2: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05), 0 18px 48px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.10); /* surface fills — every per-theme value lives in a token so the dark palette below is the ONLY place a second colour is ever written */ --fill: #f5f5f7; --fill-strong: #f5f5f7; --fill-code: #f5f5f7; --thumb: #ffffff; --thumb-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.10), 0 0 0 0.5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04); --fig-filter: none; --sun-o: 0; /* 0 = light theme (show moon), 1 = dark (show sun) */ /* the two curves everything uses */ --ease: cubic-bezier(0.32, 0.72, 0, 1); /* Apple's sheet/scroll curve */ --ease-io: cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1); --sans: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "SF Pro Display", "SF Pro Text", "Inter", "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; --mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, "SF Mono", "JetBrains Mono", Menlo, Consolas, monospace; --gutter: clamp(20px, 5vw, 40px); --measure: 1120px; --nav-h: 52px; --moon-o: calc(1 - var(--sun-o)); } /* Dark palette. Two selectors, one palette — CSS can't OR a media query with an attribute selector, so the block is stated twice. Edit both or neither. [data-theme] is stamped on by the inline script in each page's head; absent it, the OS decides. */ @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { :root:not([data-theme="light"]) { --bg: #000000; --bg-sub: #0a0a0b; --bg-card: #101012; --bg-glass: rgba(10, 10, 11, 0.72); --fg: #f5f5f7; --fg-mid: #c3c3c7; --fg-dim: #86868b; --line: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.13); --line-soft: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.07); --accent: #2997ff; --accent-sub: rgba(41, 151, 255, 0.13); --shadow-1: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); --shadow-2: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), 0 20px 60px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45); --fill: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.045); --fill-strong: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06); --fill-code: #0f0f11; --thumb: #2c2c2e; --thumb-shadow: none; --fig-filter: brightness(0.88) contrast(1.02); --sun-o: 1; } } :root[data-theme="dark"] { --bg: #000000; --bg-sub: #0a0a0b; --bg-card: #101012; --bg-glass: rgba(10, 10, 11, 0.72); --fg: #f5f5f7; --fg-mid: #c3c3c7; --fg-dim: #86868b; --line: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.13); --line-soft: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.07); --accent: #2997ff; --accent-sub: rgba(41, 151, 255, 0.13); --shadow-1: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); --shadow-2: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), 0 20px 60px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45); --fill: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.045); --fill-strong: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06); --fill-code: #0f0f11; --thumb: #2c2c2e; --thumb-shadow: none; --fig-filter: brightness(0.88) contrast(1.02); --sun-o: 1; } /* keep form controls and scrollbars in step with a pinned theme */ :root[data-theme="light"] { color-scheme: only light; } :root[data-theme="dark"] { color-scheme: only dark; } /* ---- reset ---------------------------------------------------- */ *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } * { margin: 0; } html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; scroll-behavior: smooth; scroll-padding-top: calc(var(--nav-h) + 24px); } body { background: var(--bg); color: var(--fg); font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: -0.01em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; font-synthesis-weight: none; overflow-x: hidden; } img, svg, video { display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto; } a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; } button { font: inherit; color: inherit; background: none; border: 0; cursor: pointer; } ::selection { background: var(--accent); color: #fff; } :focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--accent); outline-offset: 3px; border-radius: 6px; } /* ---- layout --------------------------------------------------- */ .wrap { width: 100%; max-width: var(--measure); margin-inline: auto; padding-inline: var(--gutter); } .wrap--narrow { max-width: 720px; } .section { padding-block: clamp(64px, 11vh, 128px); } .section--sub { background: var(--bg-sub); } .rule { height: 1px; background: var(--line-soft); border: 0; } /* ---- type ----------------------------------------------------- */ .display { font-size: clamp(2.75rem, 8.2vw, 5.5rem); font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.03; letter-spacing: -0.035em; } h1, h2, h3, h4 { font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -0.022em; line-height: 1.12; } h2.title { font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 3.6vw, 2.75rem); letter-spacing: -0.028em; } h3 { font-size: 1.3125rem; } .eyebrow { font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: 590; letter-spacing: 0.06em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--fg-dim); margin-bottom: 14px; } .lede { font-size: clamp(1.0625rem, 1.9vw, 1.3125rem); line-height: 1.5; color: var(--fg-mid); letter-spacing: -0.016em; } .dim { color: var(--fg-dim); } .tnum { font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; } .section-head { display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; gap: 24px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: clamp(28px, 4vw, 48px); } .section-head p { max-width: 42ch; color: var(--fg-dim); font-size: 0.9375rem; } /* inline text link — underline grows from the left on hover */ .link { color: var(--accent); position: relative; white-space: nowrap; } .link::after { content: ""; position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: -2px; height: 1px; background: currentColor; transform: scaleX(0); transform-origin: left; transition: transform 0.42s var(--ease); } @media (hover: hover) { .link:hover::after { transform: scaleX(1); } } .link--arrow > span { display: inline-block; transition: transform 0.42s var(--ease); } @media (hover: hover) { .link--arrow:hover > span { transform: translateX(3px); } } /* ---- nav ------------------------------------------------------ */ .nav { position: fixed; inset: 0 0 auto; z-index: 100; height: var(--nav-h); background: var(--bg-glass); -webkit-backdrop-filter: saturate(180%) blur(20px); backdrop-filter: saturate(180%) blur(20px); border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; transition: border-color 0.5s var(--ease-io), background 0.5s var(--ease-io); } .nav[data-scrolled="true"] { border-bottom-color: var(--line-soft); } .nav__in { height: 100%; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; max-width: var(--measure); margin-inline: auto; padding-inline: var(--gutter); } .nav__mark { font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: 590; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-right: auto; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; } .nav__glyph { width: 22px; height: 22px; border-radius: 7px; background: var(--fg); color: var(--bg); display: grid; place-items: center; font-size: 0.625rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.02em; transition: transform 0.5s var(--ease); } @media (hover: hover) { .nav__mark:hover .nav__glyph { transform: rotate(-8deg) scale(1.06); } } .nav__links { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 4px; } .nav__links a { font-size: 0.8125rem; color: var(--fg-dim); padding: 6px 11px; border-radius: 980px; transition: color 0.3s var(--ease-io), background 0.3s var(--ease-io); } @media (hover: hover) { .nav__links a:hover { color: var(--fg); background: var(--line-soft); } } .nav__links a[aria-current="page"] { color: var(--fg); } @media (max-width: 620px) { .nav__links a.opt { display: none; } } @media (max-width: 460px) { .nav__mark span.name { display: none; } } .pill { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; background: var(--accent); color: #fff; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-weight: 500; padding: 7px 15px; border-radius: 980px; transition: transform 0.4s var(--ease), opacity 0.3s var(--ease-io); } @media (hover: hover) { .pill:hover { opacity: 0.88; transform: scale(1.03); } } .pill:active { transform: scale(0.97); } .pill--ghost { background: transparent; color: var(--fg); border: 1px solid var(--line); } @media (hover: hover) { .pill--ghost:hover { background: var(--line-soft); opacity: 1; } } /* ---- hero ----------------------------------------------------- */ .hero { position: relative; padding-top: calc(var(--nav-h) + clamp(56px, 13vh, 130px)); padding-bottom: clamp(48px, 9vh, 96px); overflow: clip; } /* soft light behind the headline; nudged by the pointer via --px/--py */ .hero__glow { position: absolute; top: -22%; left: 50%; width: min(1000px, 125vw); aspect-ratio: 1; translate: calc(-50% + var(--px, 0px) * 1) calc(var(--py, 0px) * 1); background: radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, var(--accent-sub) 0%, transparent 62%); pointer-events: none; z-index: 0; transition: translate 1.1s var(--ease-io); } .hero__role { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: var(--fg-dim); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 980px; padding: 6px 14px 6px 11px; margin-bottom: 26px; } .dot { width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 50%; background: #30d158; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(48, 209, 88, 0.45); animation: pulse 2.8s var(--ease-io) infinite; } @keyframes pulse { 0% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(48, 209, 88, 0.45); } 70% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 7px rgba(48, 209, 88, 0); } 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(48, 209, 88, 0); } } .hero > .wrap { position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero .display { max-width: 15ch; } .hero__sub { margin-top: 26px; max-width: 58ch; } .hero__cta { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; margin-top: 34px; } /* the hairline stat strip under the hero */ .strip { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(150px, 1fr)); border-top: 1px solid var(--line-soft); margin-top: clamp(48px, 8vh, 88px); } .strip > div { padding: 22px 24px 22px 0; } .strip > div + div { padding-left: 24px; border-left: 1px solid var(--line-soft); } @media (max-width: 640px) { .strip > div + div { padding-left: 0; border-left: 0; } .strip { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } .strip > div { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft); } } .strip dt { font-size: 0.75rem; color: var(--fg-dim); letter-spacing: 0.01em; } .strip dd { font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2rem); font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -0.03em; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; margin-top: 6px; } .strip dd small { font-size: 0.8125rem; font-weight: 400; color: var(--fg-dim); letter-spacing: -0.01em; } /* ---- cards ---------------------------------------------------- */ .grid { display: grid; gap: clamp(14px, 1.6vw, 20px); } .grid--2 { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } .grid--3 { grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(268px, 1fr)); } @media (max-width: 820px) { .grid--2 { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } } .card { position: relative; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; background: var(--bg-card); border: 1px solid var(--line-soft); border-radius: 20px; padding: clamp(22px, 2.4vw, 30px); box-shadow: var(--shadow-1); transition: transform 0.55s var(--ease), box-shadow 0.55s var(--ease), border-color 0.55s var(--ease); } @media (hover: hover) { .card--lift:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: var(--shadow-2); border-color: var(--line); } } .card__tag { font-size: 0.6875rem; font-weight: 590; letter-spacing: 0.055em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); } .card__body { color: var(--fg-mid); font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.55; max-width: 70ch; } .card__foot { margin-top: auto; padding-top: 6px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 16px; font-size: 0.875rem; } .card--wide { grid-column: 1 / -1; } /* metric chips inside a card */ .metrics { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; } .metric { font-size: 0.8125rem; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; background: var(--fill); border: 1px solid var(--line-soft); border-radius: 9px; padding: 5px 10px; color: var(--fg-mid); } .metric b { font-weight: 590; color: var(--fg); } /* ---- experience list ------------------------------------------ */ .role { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 210px) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: clamp(12px, 3vw, 56px); padding-block: clamp(26px, 3.4vw, 40px); border-top: 1px solid var(--line-soft); } .role:first-of-type { border-top: 0; } @media (max-width: 720px) { .role { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } } .role__when { font-size: 0.875rem; color: var(--fg-dim); font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; } .role__org { font-size: 1.0625rem; font-weight: 590; letter-spacing: -0.016em; margin-bottom: 3px; } .role__title { font-size: 1.3125rem; letter-spacing: -0.022em; } .role__where { font-size: 0.8125rem; color: var(--fg-dim); margin-top: 4px; } .role ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin-top: 16px; display: grid; gap: 12px; } .role li { position: relative; padding-left: 18px; max-width: 74ch; color: var(--fg-mid); font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; } .role li::before { content: ""; position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 0.66em; width: 5px; height: 5px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--line); } .role li b, .role li strong { font-weight: 590; color: var(--fg); } /* ---- segmented control (iOS picker) --------------------------- */ .segmented { position: relative; display: inline-flex; padding: 2px; gap: 2px; background: var(--fill-strong); border: 1px solid var(--line-soft); border-radius: 11px; overflow-x: auto; scrollbar-width: none; max-width: 100%; } .segmented::-webkit-scrollbar { display: none; } .segmented__thumb { position: absolute; top: 2px; height: calc(100% - 4px); background: var(--thumb); border-radius: 9px; box-shadow: var(--thumb-shadow); transition: transform 0.45s var(--ease), width 0.45s var(--ease); will-change: transform, width; } .segmented button { position: relative; z-index: 1; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-weight: 500; color: var(--fg-dim); padding: 7px 15px; border-radius: 9px; white-space: nowrap; transition: color 0.3s var(--ease-io); } .segmented button[aria-selected="true"] { color: var(--fg); } /* filtered-out items collapse out of the grid */ .filterable[hidden] { display: none; } /* ---- article -------------------------------------------------- */ .progress { position: fixed; top: var(--nav-h); left: 0; height: 2px; width: 100%; transform-origin: left; transform: scaleX(var(--p, 0)); background: var(--accent); z-index: 99; } .prose { font-size: 1.0625rem; line-height: 1.68; color: var(--fg-mid); } .prose > * + * { margin-top: 1.35em; } .prose h2 { margin-top: 2.4em; font-size: 1.5rem; color: var(--fg); letter-spacing: -0.024em; } .prose h3 { margin-top: 2em; font-size: 1.1875rem; color: var(--fg); } .prose strong { color: var(--fg); font-weight: 590; } .prose a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; } .prose ul, .prose ol { padding-left: 1.15em; display: grid; gap: 0.5em; } .prose li::marker { color: var(--fg-dim); } .prose code { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.875em; background: var(--fill-strong); border: 1px solid var(--line-soft); border-radius: 6px; padding: 0.14em 0.4em; color: var(--fg); } .prose pre { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.6; background: var(--fill-code); border: 1px solid var(--line-soft); border-radius: 14px; padding: 18px 20px; overflow-x: auto; color: var(--fg); } .prose pre code { background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; font-size: inherit; } /* figures break out of the text column, centred on it */ .prose figure { margin-top: 2.6em; width: min(calc(100vw - 2 * var(--gutter)), 920px); position: relative; left: 50%; translate: -50% 0; } .prose figure img { margin-inline: auto; border-radius: 14px; border: 1px solid var(--line-soft); background: var(--bg-sub); } .prose figcaption { margin-top: 10px; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: var(--fg-dim); text-align: center; } /* these diagrams are drawn on white, so in dark mode knock the glare back a little and lift it on hover for a proper look */ .prose figure img { filter: var(--fig-filter); transition: filter 0.5s var(--ease-io); } .prose figure:hover img { filter: none; } /* provenance note at the head of a republished piece */ .note { display: flex; gap: 12px; align-items: flex-start; background: var(--fill); border: 1px solid var(--line-soft); border-radius: 14px; padding: 16px 18px; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.55; color: var(--fg-mid); } .note svg { flex: none; margin-top: 2px; color: var(--fg-dim); } /* long byline under an article title */ .byline { font-size: 0.875rem; color: var(--fg-dim); line-height: 1.6; max-width: 62ch; } .byline b { color: var(--fg); font-weight: 590; } /* tables: hairline rows, no vertical rules, figures aligned */ .table-scroll { overflow-x: auto; margin-top: 2.2em; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; } .prose table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.9375rem; min-width: 460px; } .prose th, .prose td { text-align: left; padding: 11px 18px 11px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft); white-space: nowrap; } .prose thead th { font-size: 0.6875rem; font-weight: 590; letter-spacing: 0.055em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--fg-dim); border-bottom-color: var(--line); } .prose tbody td { color: var(--fg-mid); } .prose td.num { text-align: right; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; padding-right: 0; } .prose th.num { text-align: right; padding-right: 0; } .prose tbody tr:last-child td { border-bottom: 0; } .prose tbody tr.best td { color: var(--fg); font-weight: 590; } .prose blockquote { border-left: 2px solid var(--accent); padding-left: 18px; color: var(--fg); font-size: 1.1875rem; letter-spacing: -0.018em; } /* ---- post list ------------------------------------------------ */ .post { display: block; padding-block: clamp(24px, 3vw, 34px); border-top: 1px solid var(--line-soft); transition: opacity 0.4s var(--ease-io); } .post h3 { font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 2.4vw, 1.625rem); letter-spacing: -0.024em; } .post__meta { font-size: 0.8125rem; color: var(--fg-dim); margin-bottom: 10px; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; } .post p { color: var(--fg-mid); font-size: 0.9375rem; margin-top: 8px; max-width: 62ch; } .post .go { display: inline-block; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 0.875rem; color: var(--accent); } .post .go span { display: inline-block; transition: transform 0.42s var(--ease); } @media (hover: hover) { a.post:hover h3 { color: var(--accent); } a.post:hover .go span { transform: translateX(4px); } a.post h3 { transition: color 0.35s var(--ease-io); } } /* ---- footer --------------------------------------------------- */ .foot { border-top: 1px solid var(--line-soft); padding-block: 48px 40px; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: var(--fg-dim); } .foot__row { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px 28px; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; } .foot nav { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 20px; } @media (hover: hover) { .foot a:hover { color: var(--fg); } } .foot a { transition: color 0.3s var(--ease-io); } /* ---- scroll reveal -------------------------------------------- */ .reveal { opacity: 0; transform: translate3d(0, 16px, 0); } .reveal.in { opacity: 1; transform: none; transition: opacity 0.75s var(--ease-io), transform 0.85s var(--ease); transition-delay: calc(var(--i, 0) * 65ms); } .no-js .reveal, .reveal.in { opacity: 1; } .no-js .reveal { transform: none; } /* ---- theme toggle --------------------------------------------- */ /* One button. It flips to whatever you are not currently looking at, and the choice sticks in localStorage. Untouched, the site follows the OS. */ .themer { display: grid; place-items: center; position: relative; width: 30px; height: 30px; border-radius: 980px; color: var(--fg-dim); transition: color 0.3s var(--ease-io), background 0.3s var(--ease-io), transform 0.4s var(--ease); } @media (hover: hover) { .themer:hover { color: var(--fg); background: var(--line-soft); } } .themer:active { transform: scale(0.9); } .themer svg { grid-area: 1 / 1; width: 16px; height: 16px; transition: opacity 0.4s var(--ease-io), transform 0.55s var(--ease); } .themer .sun { opacity: var(--sun-o); transform: rotate(calc((1 - var(--sun-o)) * -80deg)) scale(calc(0.6 + 0.4 * var(--sun-o))); } .themer .moon { opacity: var(--moon-o); transform: rotate(calc((1 - var(--moon-o)) * 80deg)) scale(calc(0.6 + 0.4 * var(--moon-o))); } /* nothing to toggle without JS, so don't advertise it */ .no-js .themer { display: none; } /* brief global crossfade, added by JS only for the duration of a switch */ html.theming, html.theming *, html.theming *::before, html.theming *::after { transition: background-color 0.35s var(--ease-io), border-color 0.35s var(--ease-io), color 0.35s var(--ease-io), box-shadow 0.35s var(--ease-io), fill 0.35s var(--ease-io) !important; } @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { html { scroll-behavior: auto; } *, *::before, *::after { animation-duration: 0.001ms !important; animation-iteration-count: 1 !important; transition-duration: 0.001ms !important; } .reveal { opacity: 1; transform: none; } .hero__glow { translate: -50% 0; } } /* ---- cross-document navigation --------------------------------- */ @view-transition { navigation: auto; } ::view-transition-old(root) { animation-duration: 0.22s; animation-timing-function: var(--ease-io); } ::view-transition-new(root) { animation-duration: 0.32s; animation-timing-function: var(--ease-io); } /* the chrome stays put while the page underneath changes */ .nav { view-transition-name: nav; } @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { @view-transition { navigation: none; } } /* screen-reader only */ .sr { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0; } .skip { position: absolute; top: 8px; left: 8px; z-index: 200; background: var(--fg); color: var(--bg); padding: 9px 14px; border-radius: 10px; font-size: 0.8125rem; transform: translateY(-160%); transition: transform 0.35s var(--ease); } .skip:focus { transform: none; }